康复后，这些人群要小心二次感染******
目前很多新冠病毒感染者逐渐康复，然而，不少人担心，如果新冠病毒的毒株不同，是否会再次感染。为此，科技日报记者专访了中国工程院院士张伯礼，请他就新冠病毒二次感染的相关问题进行解答。
转阴后3—6个月内发生二次感染概率较低
“再次感染新冠病毒的概率主要与人体免疫水平、病毒株变异以及后期个人防护有关。”张伯礼说，相较于早期变异株，奥密克戎可能引发更多的突破性感染和重复感染。
不过张伯礼表示，大家也不用过于担心，虽然尚未有大样本人群证据显示奥密克戎变异病毒株感染后持续免疫的具体时间，但在新冠病毒感染后，人体免疫系统已在发挥作用。根据当前临床观察，感染后3—6个月内发生新冠病毒二次感染的概率还是比较低的。
与此同时，很多人担心二次感染新冠病毒会加重症状。对此，张伯礼表示，二次感染新冠病毒的症状与是否有基础疾病、病毒感染剂量以及个人身体状况等多种因素相关。但从目前多数报道来看，由于机体已产生免疫力，第二次感染的症状一般会较上次轻。
不过，他强调，也有少数研究报告显示，与仅感染过一次的患者相比，再次感染的患者出现并发症的风险更高，包括肺部、心血管、糖尿病、胃肠道和神经系统等并发症。
建议康复六个月后接种新冠疫苗
“虽然短时间再次感染相同新冠病毒变异株的可能性不大。但免疫力较差的人群容易反复感染，包括老年人、婴幼儿、有基础疾病的人群以及免疫缺陷人群，短期内存在二次感染的风险，特别是面对新的变异株时。”张伯礼介绍，医生、护士等高风险岗位的人群，所处工作环境传播风险高，接触变异毒株多，工作强度大，二次感染的风险较高。
“为了避免新冠病毒变异毒株的再次感染，转阴后也要继续做好个人防护。”张伯礼强调，“阳康”6个月后可以接种新冠疫苗，最好采用序贯策略，注射异种疫苗，以强化免疫屏障。
对于新冠病毒感染康复者而言，预防二次感染最好的办法仍是落实好防护措施，包括戴口罩、注意手卫生、注意休息、勤通风、保持社交距离等，特别是对老年人和儿童“阳转阴”患者，应当注意保暖，尽量少聚集，保证良好的卫生习惯，注意营养饮食，增强免疫力，尽量降低再次感染的风险。
如果出现再次感染，一定要首先分清“复阳”与二次感染。“复阳”发生在转阴后2—3周内，患者一般无明显临床症状，主要是体内残留病毒片段检测出的阳性，一般没有传染性；而二次感染一般发生在首次感染后数月至一年内，相当于一次新的感染，一般有临床症状出现，并且病毒核酸载量较高，具有传染性。
“‘复阳’患者一般无需再治疗，注意休息，合理膳食和营养即可。”张伯礼提醒，二次感染的患者需再次进行规范治疗，并严格做好个人防护，做好自我隔离，降低疫情传播的风险。（记者陈曦）
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
